I can't believe I found this!! I paper from second year! A little to Happy to be true
The Church of England and France during the Hundred Years War had become split during the time period of the Great Schism, creating more turmoil between these two warring nations. French Kings and allies (Burgundy, Scotland, and Naples) were opting for the Avignonese popes, whose maintenance costs grew exponentially over time, upon many investors into the Avignonese Papacy. This is due to the popularity of popes residing in France who could not have the lavish lifestyle and power living in St. Peters in Rome.
To help resolve some of the costs to maintain Avignon, the papacy would sell services to the local and administrative citizens. To help fund this plural benefice , the papacy would charge clients on issues from martial disputes to providing confirmation of a written document. They would go as far as selling clerical services to any desired buyer. Hired priests called “vicars” would hold religion ceremonies and even sing for customers.
The growing contempt between French and English clergy worsened when English Bishops had to pass through the French clerical system before entering St. Peters. In hopes to maintain some foot hold in Christendom, the English in 1353 would issue the Statue of Praemunim which hindered subjects from entering a clerical judicial system without royal permission from the King of England. This gave English administrators the edge on deciding whether a case would benefit national court system or the papal.
With the cost of Avignon increasing, reformers thought if the pope returned to Rome, the clergy and all it’s assets would become stable again Rome would elect Urban VI (1378-1389) as their new pope elect but change would come slow as Rome had diminished economically since the rise of the Avignonese and the new Pope was not favorable to the Cardinals as he was “ill tempered and rude”. This caused all remaining non-Italian cardinals to withdraw back to Avignon and elect Clement VII (1378-94) as their pope. The popes excommunicated with each other causing nations to pick a church to side with. The English along with Flanders, Portugual, Hungarians, The Poles, The Bohemains, German and Italian rulers sided with the Roman Pope to repute the outstanding expenses of the Avignon Papacy. This action would give England another reason to take over all the wealth that had been accumulating in France at the time.
The English view of bringing Pope Urban into power received great recognition in the Italian papacy. The choice was made to support Urban VI when the English Parliament became displeased with the distribution of benefits and church taxes became irrelevant to the English government and the English people saw no benefits from paying for a clerical service to the French. The English Kings clerical advisor on the issue of the two Popes, the Archbishop of Sudbury, tells the King to choose Urban VI as their true pope. After this notion became enacted, the Parliament of Gloucester permitted the King to act against anyone who was affiliated with Clement and whoever was connected with the Avignon papacy was seen as traitors to England, including Clements emissary in England, Roger Foucauld. This sent England into panic as the flow of gold and silver was not permitted to any country of any destination then ordering the benefices and revenues of all foreigners to be held or turned over to the King. This was seen as an act against Urban, so the Italian papacy issued a bull ordering two thirds of all income by cardinals in England would be remitted to him. The English and Urban soon became allies and all the English benefices were transferred to English hopefuls in the church. This led to Urban VI granting Adam Easton as “the Cardinal of England” in 1379. This helped the English get on Recognition in Clerical issues as well as an ally in Italy.
The false distribution of bulls by fraudulent missionaries and clerics helped fuel the English’s dislike of the French and it’s allies including Scotland. The Archbishop of Sudbury in fact had to arrest the Dominican Martin Halcombe as he was seen as a “notorious pardon monger”. Urban then exposed sellers of bulls fabricated by the “son of iniquity, Stephen de Cusa, falsely, pretending to be the popes secretary”, who sold false publications to willful buyers. This trade became legal in 1381 with the promulgation of “Dudum cum Vinea on March 13, 1381 and Dandum cum filii on March 25, 1381” that assured crusaders would get benefits from an attack on French schismatics and that clerics should also take part in the movement. So the trade of clerical services in England helped stimulate financial growth to help fund another attack on the French. This was due to a complex understanding of many groups and officials, one that would not work by the administration of one governing body alone.
In following years lawyers and theologians developed the new idea of Conciliarism and it slowly began to apply itself to governing groups when the church hastily elected Benedict in 1393. Benedict was seen as stubborn for refusing to even think about the ideas of cession that scholars were presenting at the time. The English began to hold open talks with the French clergy at Villeneave-les-Avignon on June 1, 1395 in hopes that both popes would be in acceptance of this new idea of cession. Debates lasted a year with the French being the only to accept but England and Castile slowly gained from the ideas of cession. The concept of the French idea of cession was “if two popes, they asked themselves, one of whom must be the valid ruler of the Church, can both be asked to resign, what security do other rulers have?” This can be applied to the ideas of conciliarism as the assurance of one ultimate governing body under Christ would ensure the safety of all administrative positions as their would be no other leader to debate the related issue as the theologian and lawyers wanted at the time.
The acceptance of cession helped unite the English, French, Bohemian and Castilians in their attempts to instill the idea of concession to their popes. This was a slow process as England was still supplying money to both Papacies. The Statue of Praemunire in 1354 forbade England to enter the court of Rome but Rome still had control over the clergy who could still openly say they were connected too the church. On March 21, 1398 the four nations would hold a position of neutrality towards the popes and try to maintain this idea of cession so that the Popes would adhere to the concept. Benedict only would look into the ideas of concession after hired mercenaries laid siege on him in April, 1399, but he still never took hold of the idea as many people saw the Royal decrees at Rheims (the meeting between France England, Castiles and Bohemia) in it’s illegality and the decision made there was not unanimous so he still had supporters somewhere within the clergy. The Roman Church would still remain but would not return to its former power. Royal and academic administrators would now rise in power which would not become accepted by the people because of lack of cultural tradition they presented and large “Aids, subsides, tithes and amnesty” they would unleash on the people for the benefit of the crown.
The Church of England and France during the Hundred Years War had become split during the time period of the Great Schism, creating more turmoil between these two warring nations. French Kings and allies (Burgundy, Scotland, and Naples) were opting for the Avignonese popes, whose maintenance costs grew exponentially over time, upon many investors into the Avignonese Papacy. This is due to the popularity of popes residing in France who could not have the lavish lifestyle and power living in St. Peters in Rome.
To help resolve some of the costs to maintain Avignon, the papacy would sell services to the local and administrative citizens. To help fund this plural benefice , the papacy would charge clients on issues from martial disputes to providing confirmation of a written document. They would go as far as selling clerical services to any desired buyer. Hired priests called “vicars” would hold religion ceremonies and even sing for customers.
The growing contempt between French and English clergy worsened when English Bishops had to pass through the French clerical system before entering St. Peters. In hopes to maintain some foot hold in Christendom, the English in 1353 would issue the Statue of Praemunim which hindered subjects from entering a clerical judicial system without royal permission from the King of England. This gave English administrators the edge on deciding whether a case would benefit national court system or the papal.
With the cost of Avignon increasing, reformers thought if the pope returned to Rome, the clergy and all it’s assets would become stable again Rome would elect Urban VI (1378-1389) as their new pope elect but change would come slow as Rome had diminished economically since the rise of the Avignonese and the new Pope was not favorable to the Cardinals as he was “ill tempered and rude”. This caused all remaining non-Italian cardinals to withdraw back to Avignon and elect Clement VII (1378-94) as their pope. The popes excommunicated with each other causing nations to pick a church to side with. The English along with Flanders, Portugual, Hungarians, The Poles, The Bohemains, German and Italian rulers sided with the Roman Pope to repute the outstanding expenses of the Avignon Papacy. This action would give England another reason to take over all the wealth that had been accumulating in France at the time.
The English view of bringing Pope Urban into power received great recognition in the Italian papacy. The choice was made to support Urban VI when the English Parliament became displeased with the distribution of benefits and church taxes became irrelevant to the English government and the English people saw no benefits from paying for a clerical service to the French. The English Kings clerical advisor on the issue of the two Popes, the Archbishop of Sudbury, tells the King to choose Urban VI as their true pope. After this notion became enacted, the Parliament of Gloucester permitted the King to act against anyone who was affiliated with Clement and whoever was connected with the Avignon papacy was seen as traitors to England, including Clements emissary in England, Roger Foucauld. This sent England into panic as the flow of gold and silver was not permitted to any country of any destination then ordering the benefices and revenues of all foreigners to be held or turned over to the King. This was seen as an act against Urban, so the Italian papacy issued a bull ordering two thirds of all income by cardinals in England would be remitted to him. The English and Urban soon became allies and all the English benefices were transferred to English hopefuls in the church. This led to Urban VI granting Adam Easton as “the Cardinal of England” in 1379. This helped the English get on Recognition in Clerical issues as well as an ally in Italy.The false distribution of bulls by fraudulent missionaries and clerics helped fuel the English’s dislike of the French and it’s allies including Scotland. The Archbishop of Sudbury in fact had to arrest the Dominican Martin Halcombe as he was seen as a “notorious pardon monger”. Urban then exposed sellers of bulls fabricated by the “son of iniquity, Stephen de Cusa, falsely, pretending to be the popes secretary”, who sold false publications to willful buyers. This trade became legal in 1381 with the promulgation of “Dudum cum Vinea on March 13, 1381 and Dandum cum filii on March 25, 1381” that assured crusaders would get benefits from an attack on French schismatics and that clerics should also take part in the movement. So the trade of clerical services in England helped stimulate financial growth to help fund another attack on the French. This was due to a complex understanding of many groups and officials, one that would not work by the administration of one governing body alone.
In following years lawyers and theologians developed the new idea of Conciliarism and it slowly began to apply itself to governing groups when the church hastily elected Benedict in 1393. Benedict was seen as stubborn for refusing to even think about the ideas of cession that scholars were presenting at the time. The English began to hold open talks with the French clergy at Villeneave-les-Avignon on June 1, 1395 in hopes that both popes would be in acceptance of this new idea of cession. Debates lasted a year with the French being the only to accept but England and Castile slowly gained from the ideas of cession. The concept of the French idea of cession was “if two popes, they asked themselves, one of whom must be the valid ruler of the Church, can both be asked to resign, what security do other rulers have?” This can be applied to the ideas of conciliarism as the assurance of one ultimate governing body under Christ would ensure the safety of all administrative positions as their would be no other leader to debate the related issue as the theologian and lawyers wanted at the time.
The acceptance of cession helped unite the English, French, Bohemian and Castilians in their attempts to instill the idea of concession to their popes. This was a slow process as England was still supplying money to both Papacies. The Statue of Praemunire in 1354 forbade England to enter the court of Rome but Rome still had control over the clergy who could still openly say they were connected too the church. On March 21, 1398 the four nations would hold a position of neutrality towards the popes and try to maintain this idea of cession so that the Popes would adhere to the concept. Benedict only would look into the ideas of concession after hired mercenaries laid siege on him in April, 1399, but he still never took hold of the idea as many people saw the Royal decrees at Rheims (the meeting between France England, Castiles and Bohemia) in it’s illegality and the decision made there was not unanimous so he still had supporters somewhere within the clergy. The Roman Church would still remain but would not return to its former power. Royal and academic administrators would now rise in power which would not become accepted by the people because of lack of cultural tradition they presented and large “Aids, subsides, tithes and amnesty” they would unleash on the people for the benefit of the crown.
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